About Cyclamen
Cyclamen Introduction
Cyclamen is a genus of charming flowering plants native to Europe and the Mediterranean region. These delightful plants are known for their distinctive swept-back petals and attractive heart-shaped leaves, often featuring intricate silver or white marbling patterns. Cyclamen species come in various sizes, from tiny alpine varieties to larger Persian cyclamen, making them versatile additions to both indoor and outdoor gardens.
Cyclamen plants have a unique growth cycle, typically blooming in autumn, winter, or early spring when many other plants are dormant. They grow from tubers, which store nutrients and water, allowing the plant to survive periods of drought or unfavorable conditions. The flowers of cyclamen come in shades of pink, red, white, and purple, creating a vibrant display during their blooming season.
In their natural habitat, cyclamen often grow in woodland areas, thriving in the dappled shade beneath trees. This preference for cooler, shadier conditions makes them excellent choices for indoor cultivation, particularly in areas where they can receive bright, indirect light. Cyclamen’s ability to bloom during colder months has made them popular as holiday gift plants and indoor decorations during winter.
Cyclamen Care & Growing Guide
Caring for cyclamen requires attention to their specific needs and an understanding of their natural growth cycle. These plants thrive in cool temperatures and prefer indirect light, making them ideal for indoor cultivation in many climates. Proper watering is crucial for cyclamen health, as they are susceptible to both overwatering and underwatering.
When it comes to watering, it’s best to water cyclamen from the bottom, allowing the plant to soak up water through the drainage holes in its pot. This method helps prevent water from collecting in the crown of the plant, which can lead to rot. Allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings, but don’t let it dry out completely. During their active growing season, cyclamen benefit from regular fertilization with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half strength.
Cyclamen have a natural dormancy period, typically during summer months. During this time, the plant’s leaves will yellow and die back. Reduce watering gradually as the plant enters dormancy, and move it to a cooler, darker location. Resume normal care when new growth appears in late summer or early autumn. With proper care, cyclamen can be long-lived plants, providing years of beautiful blooms during the cooler months.
Soil
Cyclamen prefer well-draining, slightly acidic to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. The ideal soil composition is a mix of peat moss, perlite or pumice, and regular potting soil, which provides good aeration and moisture retention without becoming waterlogged. Adding organic matter like compost can improve soil structure and nutrient content.
Proper drainage is crucial for cyclamen, as they are susceptible to root rot in soggy conditions. To improve drainage, add coarse horticultural sand or extra perlite to the soil mix. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged during the growing season.
Soil problems to watch for include:
1. Poor drainage: Can lead to root rot and fungal diseases.
2. Compaction: Restricts root growth and water penetration.
3. Inappropriate pH: Can affect nutrient availability.
4. Salt build-up: Can occur from over-fertilization or hard water.
5. Nutrient deficiencies: May result in yellowing leaves or stunted growth.
6. Pot boundness: Can occur if the plant outgrows its container, restricting growth and nutrient uptake.
Fertilizer
Cyclamen benefit from regular fertilization during their active growing season (autumn to spring). Use a well-balanced, organic fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) diluted to half strength every 3-4 weeks.
Signs of over-fertilization include leaf burn, excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowers, and salt build-up on the soil surface. Under-fertilization may result in pale leaves, slow growth, and reduced flowering.
Organic alternatives include compost tea and seaweed extract. These should be applied at half strength to avoid overwhelming the plant.
Cyclamen are particularly sensitive to phosphorus levels. If leaves turn dark green and flowers are scarce, reduce phosphorus in your fertilizer mix. Conversely, if leaves are pale and flowers are abundant, increase nitrogen slightly.
During the plant’s dormancy period (typically summer), cease fertilization entirely. Resume feeding when new growth appears in late summer or early autumn.
Watering
Cyclamen require careful watering to thrive. During their active growing season (autumn to spring), keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. It’s best to water from the bottom by placing the pot in a saucer of water for about 15 minutes, allowing the plant to absorb water through the drainage holes. This method prevents water from collecting in the crown, which can lead to rot.
Cyclamen prefer rainwater or distilled water. If using tap water, let it sit out overnight to allow chlorine to dissipate.
Signs of underwatering include wilting leaves and flower stalks. Overwatering symptoms include yellowing leaves, mushy stems, and root rot.
During the plant’s dormancy period (typically summer), reduce watering significantly, allowing the soil to dry out more between waterings. Resume regular watering when new growth appears in late summer or early autumn.
Lighting
Cyclamen thrive in bright, indirect light. In their natural habitat, they often grow in dappled shade under trees. Indoors, place them near a north- or east-facing window where they receive filtered light. During winter, they can tolerate more direct light, but avoid harsh afternoon sun.
Signs of insufficient light include elongated, pale leaves and reduced flowering. In this case, move the plant to a brighter location or supplement with artificial grow lights.
Excessive light exposure can cause leaf scorching, wilting, or bleaching. If this occurs, move the plant to a shadier spot or use sheer curtains to filter strong light.
If natural light conditions are suboptimal, full-spectrum fluorescent or LED grow lights can be used to supplement. Position the lights about 6-12 inches above the plant and provide 12-14 hours of light daily.
Temperature
Cyclamen thrive in cool temperatures, preferring a range of 60Β°F-70Β°F (15-21Β°C) during the day and slightly cooler at night, around 50Β°F-60Β°F (10Β°C-15Β°C). They can tolerate brief periods of temperatures as low as 40Β°F (4Β°C) but may suffer damage if exposed to freezing conditions.
Cyclamen are sensitive to high temperatures and may go dormant if exposed to prolonged heat above 70Β°F (21Β°C). To protect them from extreme temperatures:
1. Keep plants away from heat sources like radiators or air vents.
2. In summer, move plants to a cooler spot or outdoors in a shaded area.
3. If outdoors, bring plants inside when temperatures drop below 40Β°F (4Β°C).
4. Use a cool mist humidifier to lower temperatures slightly and increase humidity.
Cyclamen can tolerate some temperature fluctuations but prefer consistency. Sudden changes can cause stress, leading to leaf drop or reduced flowering.
Humidity
Cyclamen prefer moderate to high humidity levels, ideally between 50%-60%. They can tolerate average indoor humidity but will thrive with increased moisture in the air. To increase humidity:
1. Use a pebble tray: Place the pot on a tray filled with pebbles and water, ensuring the pot doesn’t sit directly in the water.
2. Mist the air around the plant (not the leaves directly) with room temperature water.
3. Group plants together to create a microclimate with higher humidity.
4. Use a humidifier near the plant.
Symptoms of low humidity stress include curling or browning leaf edges, flower buds dropping, and overall lackluster appearance. High humidity can lead to fungal issues if combined with poor air circulation.
Pebble trays and grouping plants are gentle, effective methods for this species. Misting can be beneficial but should be done carefully to avoid wetting the leaves and flowers. Humidifiers are very effective but require regular cleaning and maintenance.
Propagation
Cyclamen can be propagated through seeds or by dividing the tubers. Here’s a step-by-step guide for both methods:
Seed Propagation:
1. Collect seeds from mature seed pods or purchase fresh seeds.
2. Soak seeds in warm water for 24 hours before sowing.
3. Fill small pots with a well-draining seed starting mix.
4. Sow seeds on the surface of the soil and lightly press them in.
5. Cover pots with clear plastic to maintain humidity.
6. Place in a cool location (60Β°F-65Β°F or 15Β°C-18Β°C) with indirect light.
7. Keep soil moist but not waterlogged.
8. Germination typically occurs in 4-6 weeks.
9. Remove plastic cover once seedlings emerge.
10. Transplant seedlings to individual pots when they have several true leaves.
Tuber Division:
1. Wait until the plant is dormant (usually in summer).
2. Carefully remove the tuber from its pot.
3. Brush off excess soil and inspect for any rot or damage.
4. Using a clean, sharp knife, cut the tuber into sections, ensuring each has at least one growing point.
5. Allow cut surfaces to dry for a day before replanting.
6. Plant each section in a pot with well-draining soil, keeping the top of the tuber just above the soil surface.
7. Water lightly and place in a cool, shaded area.
8. New growth should appear in late summer or early autumn.
Seed propagation is generally more successful but takes longer to produce flowering plants (1-2 years). Tuber division is faster but carries a higher risk of failure due to potential rot or damage during the division process.
The best time to propagate cyclamen is in late summer or early autumn, just as the plant is coming out of dormancy. It typically takes about 15-18 months for seed-grown plants to reach flowering size.
Potting
Cyclamen prefer slightly cramped conditions, so choose a pot that’s only slightly larger than the tuber. The pot should have adequate drainage holes to prevent water accumulation.
Ideal pot types include terracotta or ceramic, which allow for better air circulation and moisture regulation. Plastic pots can be used but may retain more moisture, increasing the risk of overwatering.
For soil composition, use a well-draining mix of 2 parts peat moss, 1 part perlite or pumice, and 1 part regular potting soil. This provides good aeration and moisture retention without becoming waterlogged.
Repot cyclamen every 2-3 years or when they outgrow their current container. Signs that a cyclamen needs repotting include:
1. Roots growing out of drainage holes
2. Water running straight through the pot without being absorbed
3. Slowed growth or reduced flowering
4. Soil that dries out very quickly
To repot:
1. Wait until the plant is dormant (usually in summer)
2. Gently remove the plant from its current pot
3. Inspect roots and trim any that are dead or rotting
4. Place the tuber in the new pot, keeping the top third above the soil line
5. Fill with fresh potting mix, firming gently
6. Water lightly and place in a cool, shaded area
Root pruning is generally not necessary for cyclamen unless the roots are severely bound or damaged. When transitioning to a new pot, minimize stress by maintaining similar environmental conditions and avoiding fertilization for a few weeks after repotting.
Pruning
Pruning Cyclamen: A Step-by-Step Guide
Pruning cyclamen is primarily focused on removing spent flowers and yellowing leaves to maintain the plant’s appearance and health. Here’s a detailed guide:
Best Time for Pruning
Prune cyclamen throughout its active growing season (autumn to spring) as needed. Avoid heavy pruning during the plant’s dormancy period in summer.
Frequency
Regular light pruning can be done weekly or as needed when you notice spent flowers or yellowing leaves.
Purpose
Pruning cyclamen helps maintain the plant’s appearance, encourages continued blooming, and prevents fungal issues that can arise from decaying plant material.
Tools
Use clean, sharp scissors or pruning shears. Sterilize tools with rubbing alcohol before and after use to prevent disease spread.
Step-by-Step Pruning Guide
- Identify spent flowers and yellowing leaves.
- Grasp the stem at the base, close to where it emerges from the tuber.
- Gently pull the stem while twisting slightly. It should come away cleanly.
- If the stem doesn’t come away easily, use sterilized scissors to cut it as close to the base as possible.
- Remove any debris from the soil surface to prevent fungal growth.
- Inspect the plant for any signs of pests or disease while pruning.
Aftercare
After pruning, water the plant lightly if needed, but avoid getting water on the leaves or in the crown of the plant. Maintain regular care routines.
Special Considerations
Be careful not to damage the tuber when removing stems. If you notice any soft or discolored areas on the tuber while pruning, this could indicate rot. In such cases, remove the affected area with a clean, sharp knife and treat with a fungicide.
Blooming
Cyclamen typically bloom in autumn, winter, or early spring, depending on the species. The blooming period can last several weeks to months under optimal conditions. Flowers are usually pink, red, white, or purple, with distinctive reflexed petals. Cool temperatures (50Β°F -65Β°F or 10Β°C-18Β°C) and bright, indirect light promote the best flowering. Some species, like Cyclamen persicum, can bloom for up to 3-4 months if well-maintained.
Pests and Diseases
Pests
Common issues
Cyclamen Mites: Distorted, curled leaves; stunted growth; flower buds fail to open.
Treat: Isolate affected plants. Apply insecticidal soap or neem oil. In severe cases, dispose of the plant to prevent spread.
Spider Mites: Fine webbing on leaves; stippled, yellowing leaves; overall plant decline.
Treat: Increase humidity. Spray leaves with water. Apply insecticidal soap or neem oil. For severe infestations, use a miticide.
Diseases
Common issues
Botrytis (Gray Mold): Gray, fuzzy mold on leaves, flowers, and stems; rotting plant tissue.
Treat: Remove affected parts. Improve air circulation. Reduce humidity. Apply a fungicide if necessary.
Fusarium Wilt: Yellowing leaves; wilting despite adequate watering; brown discoloration in stems.
Treat: Remove and destroy infected plants. Sterilize pots and tools. Use disease-resistant varieties in the future.
Root Rot: Wilting; yellowing leaves; soft, brown roots; foul odor from soil.
Treat: Remove plant from soil. Cut away rotted roots. Repot in fresh, well-draining soil. Reduce watering frequency.
Special Features
Cyclamen are known for their uniquely shaped flowers with reflexed petals, resembling shooting stars or butterflies in flight. Their heart-shaped leaves often feature intricate silver or white marbling patterns, adding visual interest even when the plant is not in bloom. Many species are fragrant, particularly in the evening, adding a delightful sensory element to indoor spaces. Cyclamen’s ability to bloom during winter months makes them valuable for providing color and cheer during dreary seasons.
Plant Benefits
While cyclamen are primarily grown for ornamental purposes, some species have been used in traditional medicine. Cyclamen europaeum has been used in homeopathy to treat menstrual disorders and migraines. However, it’s important to note that cyclamen contain cyclamin, a toxic compound, and should not be consumed or used medicinally without professional guidance. The primary benefits of cyclamen are aesthetic and psychological, as they can boost mood and add beauty to indoor spaces, particularly during winter months when other plants may not be blooming.
Additional Information
Cyclamen have a rich cultural history and have been cultivated for centuries. In some cultures, they are associated with deep, lasting love and are given as gifts to express devotion. The name ‘cyclamen’ is derived from the Greek word ‘kyklos’, meaning circle, which may refer to the round tuber or the circular coiling of the flower stems after blooming. Despite their delicate appearance, cyclamen are surprisingly long-lived when properly cared for, with some plants known to thrive for decades.
Life Cycle
Cyclamen have a unique life cycle that differs from many common houseplants. They typically have an active growth period from autumn to spring, followed by a dormancy period in summer. During active growth, they produce leaves and flowers, drawing energy from their tuber. As temperatures rise in late spring, the plant enters dormancy, with leaves yellowing and dying back. The tuber remains dormant through summer, storing energy for the next growth cycle. In late summer or early autumn, new growth emerges, and the cycle begins again. This cyclical growth pattern is an adaptation to their native Mediterranean climate, allowing them to survive hot, dry summers and thrive in cooler, wetter seasons.
Are Cyclamen Poisonous, Toxic
Cyclamen is toxic to cats, dogs, and humans if ingested. The most toxic part of the plant is the tuber (root). Symptoms of toxicity include salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, seizures or heart rhythm abnormalities. The severity can range from mild to severe, depending on the amount ingested. If ingestion is suspected, contact a veterinarian or poison control center immediately. To prevent toxicity, keep cyclamen out of reach of pets and children, and consider using pet barriers or choosing pet-safe alternatives.
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should I water my cyclamen?
Water your cyclamen when the top inch of soil feels dry. It’s best to water from the bottom by placing the pot in a saucer of water for about 15 minutes, allowing the plant to absorb water through the drainage holes.
Why are my cyclamen’s leaves turning yellow?
Yellowing leaves can be a sign of overwatering, underwatering, or natural senescence as the plant enters dormancy. Check your watering habits and the time of year to determine the cause.
How do I care for my cyclamen during its dormant period?
During dormancy (typically summer), reduce watering significantly and move the plant to a cool, shaded area. Resume normal care when new growth appears in late summer or early autumn.
Can cyclamen be grown outdoors?
Some cyclamen species can be grown outdoors in USDA zones 5-9, depending on the species. They prefer partial shade and well-draining soil. Indoor cyclamen can be moved outdoors during mild weather but should be protected from frost and intense heat.
How long do cyclamen flowers last?
Individual cyclamen flowers typically last for several weeks. With proper care, a cyclamen plant can continue producing new flowers for 2-3 months during its blooming season.
Is cyclamen toxic to pets?
Yes, cyclamen is toxic to cats, dogs, and other pets if ingested, particularly the tubers. Keep the plant out of reach of pets and children.
How do I propagate cyclamen?
Cyclamen can be propagated through seeds or by dividing the tubers. Seed propagation is more common but takes longer, while tuber division is faster but riskier.
Why are my cyclamen’s flowers drooping?
Drooping flowers can be a sign of underwatering, overwatering, or exposure to too much heat. Check your watering habits and ensure the plant is in a cool location with bright, indirect light.
How often should I fertilize my cyclamen?
Fertilize cyclamen every 3-4 weeks during its active growing season (autumn to spring) with a well-balanced, organic fertilizer diluted to half strength. Stop fertilizing during the plant’s dormancy period.
Can I save my cyclamen for next year?
Yes, cyclamen can be kept for many years with proper care. Allow the plant to go dormant in summer, reduce watering, and store in a cool, dark place. Resume care when new growth appears in late summer or early autumn.
Can I grow Cyclamen indoors
Difficulty
Intermediate
Size
Small to Medium
Light
Medium
Water
Medium
Flowering
Yes
Pet Safe
No
Air Purifier
Low
Cyclamen persicum botanical details
Common Name
Cyclamen
Other Common Names
Persian violet, Sowbread
Botanical Name
Cyclamen persicum
Native Area
Mediterranean region, parts of Europe and Western Asia
Family Name
Primulaceae
Plant Type
Perennial
Genus
Cyclamen
Kingdom
Plantae
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Is there anything else you can tell me?
Why did the cyclamen go to therapy? It had too many issues with its roots!